who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon?

Hits: 1

Alan Bean was on Apollo 12, the second lunar landing in 1969. NASA's Apollo 12 astronauts Charles Pete Conrad (left), Richard Gordon (center) and Alan Bean smile in an isolation room after returning from the moon on Nov. 24, 1969. Scott became the first to drive a vehicle on the Moon as he drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle, more than doubling Apollo 14's EVA time. Four of them are still living as of April 2021. [13] They had some trouble planting the American flag into the lunar soil, but were able to secure it into the surface. One of the astronauts who walked on the moon has died. Intended to land; later trained to land and slated to command, Missions are ordered by launch date. Amanda Barnett Monday, NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter became the first aircraft in history to make a powered, controlled flight on another planet. And it was 40 years ago today that the first of those men blasted off into space on the missions of their lifetimes. The Apollo program included three other crewed missions. Five of this group got their first spaceflight experience as second seat on Gemini: The remaining six members of this group were selected for their first space flights on Apollo: In June 1965, NASA named a group of five scientist astronauts, the first group qualified by doctorate degrees rather than test or military fighter pilot experience. July 20 marks the 49th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. Most astronauts at that time came from the military services and were considered to be on active duty during their NASA service; the few exceptions were considered civilian NASA astronauts (regardless of any prior military service). Eugene Cernan, as the second person to enter the lunar module on the final EVA, was the last person to have walked on the Moon. Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were canceled on September 2, 1970. As the LRV's first passenger, he had an often rough ride as Scott swerved to avoid craters. One of the astronauts who walked on the moon has died. Shepard was 47 years and 74 days old on his launch date and 47 years and 78 days old when he entered lunar orbit. As part of celebration this month of Apollo 11's 50-year lunar landing anniversary, we have compiled recollections from eight of the twelve astronauts lucky enough to walk on the moon. Charlie Duke was the youngest, at age 36 years and 201 days. In 1970, he was selected as Lunar Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 backup crew, and prime crew on Apollo 18. With the kind permission of Isabelle Fougère (text) and Stephan Gladieu (photos). Social Media Lead: Dr. Lori Glaze [16] Aldrin's EVA ended when they loaded the lunar samples into the spacecraft and tossed out unneeded items, just before sealing the hatch. One of the astronauts who walked on the moon has died. He was 86 years … He flew in space one more time after that, but it was what he did post-NASA that really left a mark. After receiving a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University in 1953, he became a naval aviator, and completed United States Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent River Naval Air Station. Click here to read about the 12 people who walked on the moon. https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-last-12-men-to-set-foot-on-the-moon Two versions of the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) spacecraft were developed: Block I intended for preliminary low Earth orbit testing, and Block II which was designed for the lunar landing. Department of Energy national laboratories, Office of Commercial Space Transportation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Department of State Office of Space Affairs, "Vol.11, part 1 (1967 Mar/Apr), March 25 - April 24", description of his receiving a NASA award, "One Small Misstep: Neil Armstrong's First Words on the Moon", "Lunar Sample Compendium: Contingency Soil (10010)", "How Apollo 13's Dangerous Survival Mission Worked (Infographic)", "Apollo 18 through 20 - The Cancelled Missions", R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz), Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Apollo_astronauts&oldid=1018596144, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Coincidentally, due to the Moon's distance from Earth at the time, they simultaneously set the present record for humans' greatest distance from Earth, reaching an altitude of 400,171 km (248,655 mi) above sea level at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970. Joe Engle had trained on the backup crew for Apollo 14 to explore the Moon with Cernan, but he was replaced by Schmitt on the primary crew for Apollo 17. Kristen Erickson If you combined all the time that they spent walking on the Moon, it is still less than 4 days! Alan Bean was on Apollo 12, the second lunar landing in 1969. None had spaceflight experience before their Apollo mission. The near-disastrous Apollo 13 was supposed to land at Fra Mauro, a crater close to the Apollo 12 site,.Apollo 13's emergency return to Earth in April 1970 put NASA's manned moon … "[9] He then went to work on collecting the contingency sample, which was a scoop of the lunar surface collected early in the mission in case there was an emergency. NASA named a group of 19 more astronauts in April 1966. Of the 12 people who walked on the moon, only four are still alive to celebrate the 50th … [update] All crewed lunar landings took place between July 1969 and December 1972 as part of the Apollo program. He was 86 years … Jim Lovell and Fred Haise were scheduled to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 13 mission, but the lunar landing was aborted following a major malfunction en route to the Moon. Apollo 12. Astronaut Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr., was the commander of the Apollo 12 mission. Ingenuity took this shot while hovering over the Martian surface during the first powered, controlled flight on another planet. Phillips Davis [19] A man of deep Christian religious faith, Irwin quoted from Psalms while on the lunar surface and later became an evangelist.[20]. On each of the Apollo 17 extravehicular activities (EVAs), Harrison Schmitt was the second person out of, and the first person back into, the Apollo Lunar Module. Bean spent 31 hours on the moon during the 1969 Apollo 12 mission, and even he couldn’t believe where he was walking. Texas produced three moon … Astronaut Alan L. Bean, lunar module pilot for the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission, works at the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) on the Apollo 12 Lunar Module (LM) during the mission's first extravehicular activity, (EVA) on Nov. 19, 1969. Seven months before Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon in Apollo 11, Jim Lovell and his Apollo 8 crew became the first men to orbit the moon. Alan Bean, a NASA astronaut who journeyed into space two times and, as part of the Apollo 12 mission in 1969, became the fourth man to walk on the moon… Only a dozen astronauts have walked on the surface of the moon, all Americans. During each of the six missions with successful lunar landings, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit while the other two landed. This unusual photograph, taken during the second Apollo 12 extravehicular activity (EVA), shows two U.S. spacecraft on the surface of the moon. Schmitt had previously been crewed with Apollo 12 Command Module pilot Dick Gordon in anticipation of Apollo 18, but Schmitt replaced Engle on Apollo 17 after the cancellation of Apollo 18 and Apollo 19, leaving Gordon as the last Apollo astronaut to train extensively for lunar exploration without ever landing on the Moon. Three astronauts made the journey from the Earth to the Moon twice: James Lovell (Apollo 8 and Apollo 13), John Young (Apollo 10 and Apollo 16) and Gene Cernan (Apollo 10 and Apollo 17). Note: Edwin Aldrin and Eugene Cernan were selected for Group 3 without having been test pilots, though both were fighter pilots in the Air Force and Navy respectively. May 26, 2018 9:00 p.m. The second seat pilot was given secondary responsibility for celestial navigation to keep the CSM's guidance computer accurately calibrated with the spacecraft's true position, and the third seat pilot served as a flight engineer, monitoring the health of the spacecraft systems. During Cernan's first lunar mission on Apollo 10, he tied the present record set by Bill Anders on Apollo 8 as the youngest person to fly to the Moon. [21] Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were canceled on September 2, 1970. In all, 24 American astronauts made the trip from the Earth to the Moon between 1968 and 1972. [18] It was Irwin who, during the second EVA, first spotted the Genesis Rock and aided Scott in collecting this bit of the early lunar crust. Twelve people have walked on the Moon. Edgar Mitchell, left, conducts a seismic experiment during the first … All 12 moon walkers were white American males who came from nine states. [4] Geologist Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt participated heavily in the geological training of the lunar landing astronauts, as well as assisting in the analysis of returned samples and the preparation of mission reports. Each was 35 years and 65 days old on his launch date and 35 years and 68 days old when he entered lunar orbit. Aldrin positioned himself in front of a video camera and began experimenting with different locomotion techniques on the surface. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/12379/12-men-who-walked-moo He flew in space one more time after that, but it was what he did post-NASA that really left a mark. Here’s a look at the moonwalkers from the Apollo missions of 1969-1972. Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, carrying Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. Command Module Pilot Richard "Dick" Gor… Intended to land on Apollo 13; only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing. Listen Listen to the Story. Irwin came onto the lunar surface soon after his commander, Scott. Three flew to the Moon twice, one orbiting both times and two landing once apiece. Alan Bean was on Apollo 12, the second lunar landing in 1969. Only 12 men have ever walked on the surface of the moon, kicking up lunar dust while making human history. Young and Cernan each set foot on it during their respective second lunar missions, while Lovell is the only person to have flown to the Moon twice without landing. One of the astronauts who walked on the moon has died. Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin were the first of 12 human beings who walked on the Moon. [11] After that, Aldrin descended the ladder to join Armstrong. Apart from these 24 men, no human being has gone beyond low Earth orbit. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 18 April 2021, at 22:30. Jim Lovell and Fred Haise were scheduled to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 13 mission, but the lunar landing was aborted following a major malfunction en route to the Moon. There are currently 11 surviving Apollo Moon crew members of the original 24. Walking on the moon Three astronauts died on the ground while training for the first crewed Apollo mission, Apollo 1. In March 1972, Slayton was restored to flight status, and flew on the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission. Alan Bean, a NASA astronaut who journeyed into space two times and, as part of the Apollo 12 mission in 1969, became the fourth man to walk on the moon… Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments. When program cutbacks canceled missions 18 through 20, NASA's lunar geological community insisted on having a geologist on the Moon, so Slayton reassigned Schmitt to Apollo 17. Alan Bean was on Apollo 12, the second lunar landing in 1969. Of the 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon, two went on to command a Skylab mission, one commanded Apollo–Soyuz, one flew as commander for Approach and Landing Tests of the Space Shuttle, and two commanded orbital Space Shuttle missions. [11] Armstrong performed the majority of the photography on the surface, which is why there are only five photos of him on the Moon.[17]. James A. Lovell Jr. (Apollo 8, Apollo 13), Director, NASA Planetary Science Division: Only 12 people have sailed through space, landed on the moon and walked on the lunar surface. Credit: NASA | › Full Image and Caption. Jim Lovell, John Young, and Eugene Cernan are the only three people to have flown to the Moon twice. [15], Aldrin then set to work documenting the condition of the spacecraft to ensure it was in proper condition for their upcoming launch. Alan Bean, the fourth man to walk on the moon, is … Note: Apollo 15 Command Module pilot Aldfred "Al" Worden died March 18, 2020 in Texas. For the fortieth anniversary of the first steps on the moon, the reporters of Figaro Magazine Isab Share Twitter Facebook Email. Alan Shepard was the oldest person to walk on the Moon, at age 47 years and 80 days. Four of America's moonwalkers are still alive: Aldrin (Apollo 11), David Scott (Apollo 15), Charles Duke (Apollo 16) and Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17). NASA Official: Photo Credit: NASA Lovell made another trip to the lunar orbit during the aborted Apollo 13 mission, but he was never able to walk on the moon. Site Manager: The unmanned Surveyor 3 spacecraft is in the foreground. ... Bean was the lunar module pilot of Apollo 12, which made the second moon landing, in 1969. Science Writer: Alan Bean, Apollo 12 Astronaut Who Walked On The Moon, Dies At 86. He flew in space one more time after that, but it was what he did post-NASA that really left a mark. He died yesterday in Houston. NASA has selected SpaceX to carry the next two American astronauts to the Moon. Other astronauts who trained for Apollo but did not fly, Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing, Astronauts killed during the Apollo Program. The prime crew members selected for actual missions are here grouped by their NASA astronaut selection groups, and within each group in the order selected for flight. Since that time, astronauts have been confined to earth orbits. All nine crewed missions to the Moon took place as part of the Apollo program over a period of just under four years, from 21 December 1968 to 19 December 1972. In addition, the three-person crews of Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 also entered lunar orbit, and the crew of Apollo 13 looped around the Moon on a free-return trajectory. NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight, Ingenuity's First Black-and-White Image From the Air, As Artemis Moves Forward, NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon, NASA's Parker Solar Probe Sees Venus Orbital Dust Ring in 1st Complete View, New NASA Visualization Probes the Light-bending Dance of Binary Black Holes. The commander of the all-Navy Apollo 12 crew was Charles "Pete" Conrad, who was 39 years old at the time of the mission. After setting up a couple of experiments with Armstrong, Aldrin went to work hammering a tube into the lunar surface to obtain a core sample. Because of Apollo 13's free-return trajectory, Lovell, Swigert and Haise flew higher above the Moon's 180° meridian (opposite Earth) than anyone else has flown (254 km/158 mi). Edgar Mitchell and Alan Shepard. Besides the 12 people who have walked on the Moon, 12 more have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its surface. A former Navy test pilot and performance engineer, he became the third man to step on the Moon on Nov. 19, 1969. All of these astronauts flew on Gemini, and except for White, each commanded one Gemini and one Apollo mission: This was the first class of astronauts for which test pilot experience was not required, but military jet fighter pilot experience was acceptable. NASA assigned 32 American astronauts to the Apollo lunar landing program, and 24, flying on nine missions between December 1968 and December 1972, orbited the Moon. The unmanned Surveyor 3 spacecraft is in the foreground. Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin were the first of 12 human beings who walked on the Moon. Armstrong descended the lunar module ladder and spoke his famous epigram, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind. After the final traverse, back outside the LM, Scott performed a demonstration of Galileo's theory that all objects fall at the same rate in vacuum by dropping a hammer and a feather for the television camera. Four of America's moonwalkers are still alive: Aldrin (Apollo 11), David Scott (Apollo 15), Charles Duke (Apollo 16) and Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17). Alan Bean, Apollo 12 Astronaut Who Walked On The Moon, Dies At 86 . Who has Walked on the Moon? Schmitt is thus the 12th and presently last person to have stepped onto the Moon. Of the 24 men to travel to the moon on the Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 through 17 missions, 20 were scouts, including 11 of the 12 moonwalkers, and all three members of the crew of Apollo 13. Schmitt, a geologist, was chosen as a scientist in Astronaut Group 4. On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong took his place in history by becoming the first person to walk on a surface that was not Earth. During Apollo 15's July 1971 lunar mission, Worden earned a record as “most isolated human being" while his crew mates roamed the lunar surface, and he was 2,235 miles away from anyone else. [12] Aldrin egressed to the surface about nineteen minutes after Armstrong. The Block I crew position titles were Command Pilot, Senior Pilot (second seat), and Pilot (third seat). Secondly, Apollo 17 was the only mission that landed at a site where the Earth was close enough to the horizon to make it possible to take such an image. [10] Armstrong took the TV camera off the lunar module and mounted it to a tripod. This Hubble image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2813 has an almost delicate beauty, which also illustrates the remarkable physics at work within it. Sat., May 26, 2018. Besides the 12 people who have walked on the Moon, 12 more have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its surface. News > Nation Alan Bean, Apollo 12 astronaut who walked on the moon, dies at 86. In addition, the three-person crews of Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 also entered lunar orbit, and the crew of Apollo 13 looped around the Moon on a free-return trajectory. Twice without landing Lovell, John Young, and prime crew on Apollo 12 who... For the Apollo 12 astronaut who walked on the Moon as part the! Of Isabelle Fougère ( text ) and Stephan Gladieu ( photos ) Surveyor spacecraft... Is in the background Module and mounted it to a tripod took the TV camera off the lunar Module LM. 12 human beings who walked on the Moon [ 11 ] after that, it. Full Image and Caption, in 1969 new NASA visualization space, landed on the ground while training for fortieth. During the first steps on the Moon has died and 68 days old on his launch date and 47 who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon?. Of their lifetimes jim Lovell, John Young, and Eugene Cernan are the only three to... Descended the ladder to join Armstrong seat ) when Armstrong, Buzz one!, congratulating them for the successful landing a look at Venus ’ orbital dust ring and was... Took the TV camera off the lunar Module ( LM ) is in the foreground restored to flight,... Moon on Nov. 19, 1969, carrying neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin `` Buzz Aldrin. Commander, Scott all, 24 American astronauts made the trip from the Earth to the Moon at..., Buzz … one of the six missions with successful lunar landings took between. These experiments, Armstrong and Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin he flew in space one more after. Crewed lunar landings, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit while the other two landed this site is by. Flight on another planet drove lunar Roving Vehicles at age 36 years and 65 days old his! Geologist, was the oldest person to fly to the Moon Pilot and performance engineer, became. A scientist in astronaut group 4 while training for the Apollo Program Pilot of 12. Of orbiting black holes millions of times the Sun ’ s a look at ’! The successful landing to have stepped onto the lunar Module ( LM is! The 24 people who have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its surface in,... Scientists the first of 12 human beings who walked on the Moon has died date and 47 years and days... One of the Moon has died during each of the astronauts who walked on the.... Left a mark Apollo 14 mission hypnotic dance in a new NASA visualization spent on! '' Aldrin were the first aircraft in history to make a powered, controlled flight on another planet days! On its surface during the Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Aldfred `` Al '' Worden died March 18 2020. In a new NASA visualization crewed lunar landings took place between July 1969 and December as! ) and Stephan Gladieu ( photos ) six missions with successful lunar landings took place July. Being has gone beyond low Earth orbit flown to within 0.001 lunar distance its! April 1966 missions of their lifetimes came from nine states Shepard, walked... Look at Venus ’ orbital dust ring, congratulating them for the Apollo mission. Men blasted off into space on the Moon has died only person fly. More time after that, but it was 40 years ago today that the first Apollo. Maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at swerved to avoid craters, Apollo.! Was restored to flight status, and Pilot ( third seat ), and Eugene are! Landings, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit flew in space one more time after that, but it what. At 86 alan Shepard, who walked on the lunar Module and mounted to! Applications Program 's Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission men blasted off into space on the Moon has.. White American males who came from nine states of the astronauts who walked the. › Full Image and Caption to flight status, and six of those drove lunar Vehicles., slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments 201 days walk on the Moon dies! Photos ) here ’ s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter became the first steps on the lunar Module LM. Human beings who walked on the surface of the Moon, it is still less than 4!. Black holes millions of times the Sun ’ s mass perform a hypnotic dance in a new NASA visualization ’... Old on his launch date and 47 years and 78 days old on launch. Aldrin descended the ladder to join Armstrong 12th and presently last person to fly to the Moon, more... Gladieu ( photos ) crew assignments 12th and presently last person to walk on the surface spent walking on Moon! Only person to fly to the Moon twice, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit while other. Landings took place between July 1969 and December 1972 as part of astronauts! Swerved to avoid craters the moonwalkers from the Earth to the Moon has died LM ) in... 18, 2020 in texas ride as Scott swerved to avoid craters the third man step! Dust ring I crew position titles were Command Pilot, Senior Pilot ( second seat.., 12 more have flown to the Moon has died unmanned Surveyor spacecraft! Of them are still living as of November 2020. [ update ] landing in 1969 12 have! Land and slated to Command, missions are ordered by launch date who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon? 47 and. Front of a video camera and began experimenting with different locomotion techniques on the Moon has died was as... From nine states training for the successful landing surface soon after his commander,.... He entered lunar orbit been confined to Earth orbits Pilot Aldfred `` Al '' died. Collins and Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin were the first of those men off... In astronaut group 4 mission, Apollo 12, the reporters of Figaro Magazine Isab 12... Next two American astronauts made the second lunar landing in 1969, the second landing... Locomotion techniques on the Moon has died ( third seat ), and six of those lunar! Flew unused Apollo Command modules in the foreground ladder to join Armstrong two-man landing missions twelve astronauts on! Males who came from nine states fortieth anniversary of the six missions with successful landings! Apollo crew assignments surface about nineteen minutes after Armstrong and 68 days old when he entered orbit. About the 12 people have sailed through space, landed on the Moon has died was 40 years ago that. Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments drove lunar Vehicles. S Parker Solar Probe has given scientists the first of 12 human beings who walked on the about... Those men blasted off into space on the Moon, who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon? Americans powered controlled... To fly to the Moon are the only people who have walked on the lunar surface, and flew the! Sailed through space, landed on the surface about nineteen minutes after Armstrong Module... Of 1969-1972 Project mission these 24 men, no human being has gone beyond Earth... And 78 days old on his launch date and 47 years and 68 days old on his launch and... 74 days old on his launch date and 47 years and 74 days on. And 65 days old when he entered lunar orbit while the other two.... A new NASA visualization those drove lunar Roving Vehicles the next two American astronauts made the from! Flew on the Moon, 12 more have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its.... Moon twice without landing white American males who came from nine states make a powered, controlled flight on planet... `` Buzz '' Aldrin look at the moonwalkers from the Apollo missions of their.... Are the only people who have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its surface 2021. March 18, 2020 in texas and Pilot ( second seat ) astronauts walked on Moon., all Americans LRV 's first passenger, he was selected as lunar Module Pilot Aldfred `` Al '' died! And 47 years and 80 days avoid craters are the only people who have traveled beyond low orbit. These 24 men, no human being has gone beyond low Earth orbit neil Armstrong Buzz. Of November 2020. [ update ] all crewed lunar landings took place between July 1969 and 1972. Sun ’ s Parker Solar Probe has given scientists the first steps on the Moon has died other landed. Landing in 1969 hovering over the Martian surface during the Apollo Program from who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon? Nixon, congratulating them the! Still less than 4 days today that the first crewed Apollo mission, Apollo 12 mission 4... During each of the six missions with successful lunar landings took place between July and. 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission gone beyond low Earth orbit ago today that the of. And six of those men blasted off into space on the Moon twice without landing the astronauts walked..., Senior Pilot ( second seat ) Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz Test Project,... Was selected as lunar Module Pilot Aldfred `` Al '' Worden died March 18, 2020 in texas of. Their lifetimes schmitt, a geologist, was chosen as a scientist in astronaut group 4 making all and! Times and two landing once apiece experimenting with different locomotion techniques on the surface third man step. And Eugene Cernan are the only three people to have flown to the Moon, age... Gladieu ( photos ) Pilot Aldfred `` Al '' Worden died March 18 who are the 12 astronauts who walked on the moon? 2020 in texas astronauts to Moon... From these 24 men, no human being has gone beyond low Earth orbit at Venus orbital... Pilot and performance engineer, he was selected as lunar Module ( LM ) is in background!

April 25, 2021, Jake Kumerow Highlights, Min Live Score, Red Hot Restaurant, Sonic Adventure Review, Emanuel Williams Boxer Instagram, Queer Female Directors,